Assess the effectiveness of strategies used to manage the impacts of glacial processes

Guidance:Candidates:(i)should show knowledge and understanding of the problems arising from the impact of glacial processes and landforms on human activity or from the impact of human activities on glacial environments;(ii)should show knowledge and understanding of the strategies put in place to manage these impacts;(iii)should show an assessment of the effectiveness of the above strategies; better candidates should make an assessment of the effectiveness of the strategies discussed throughout, whereas the average candidate may only assess the strategies in passing or perhaps briefly in their conclusion.Candidates need to demonstrate their knowledge and understanding of the problems arising from the impacts of glacial processes and landforms on human activity or the impact of human activity on glacial environments. There may be a discussion not only of the nature, but also of the seriousness of the impacts.In order to assess the effectiveness of strategies adopted to deal with the im pacts, candidates will need to briefly describe the strategies. Strategies will vary depending on the glacial environment chosen. The assessment should involve an evaluation of both the positive and negative aspects of the strategies adopted in relation to the aims of the strategies implemented.Assess the effectiveness of strategies used to manage the impacts of glacial processes and landforms on Human activity.Problems arising from glacial processes and landformsStrategies used to deal with these (remember to assess +tive and -tive) Many strategies have been put in place to manage the impact of glacial processes. The types of glacial processes they would be managing range from erosional  processes Glacial processes- avalanche, ablation glacial (flooding) & fluvioglacial deposition (landslides) Landforms- pyramidal peaks, arà ªtes, troughs, hanging valleys, lakes, outwash plainIn glacial environments such as the French Alps human activity is very popular with up to 100 million to urists going for holidays each year to enjoy the winter sports available. However strategies must be put in place to control the glacial processes in order to make the area safe to minimize the negative impact on humans. The methods used include prevention and control measures by both soft and hard strategies, but are they successful?An avalanche is a type of glacial process and to deal with it strong, resistant buildings are constructed, as are avalanche barriers on the slopes and trees are planted near to pistes and woods made denser so as to break the flow as well as to hold the snow together reducing the risk of an avalanche starting. The choice of strategy is very much dependent to the nature of human activity, the density of the settlement and the impact the strategy could have on the surrounding nature.Another factor that must be considered is the frequency and intensity of the avalanche as well as the potential impacts like fatality ad damage to buildings and infrastructure. In Verbier Austria they have introduced a way to categorize areas which are at risk of avalanches by creating red and yellow zones. In the red construction of any kind is banned while in the yellow specific safety measures must be applied and a strict building code followed. This should result in buildings that will withstand avalanches, protecting the people inside, even though they will not do anything to stop an avalanche actually occurring.The town of Gà ¤ltur in Austria is predominantly a yellow zone however when the huge avalanche of 1999 struck it was during the day when people were returning the their homes so weren’t able to be protected by this strategy thus the death toll was 4000. Though a great deal of money is being invested in the various strategies, more pressure is being put on the planners, as the alpine towns are swelling thus putting themselves at further risk of avalanches as more and more trees are being cut down and the safe areas to build are almost full forcing more buildings in to the danger zones.Glaciers aren’t the only threat developing towns in the upland have to face. As the globe is going through climate change the rates of ablation in glacial areas is much higher. This is made worse by the increased popularity of the areas for tourists who access them through cars and planes, which contribute to the pollution. Furthermore activities like skiing and snowboarding damage the soil under the snow making it weaker, and young trees are damaged while older trees are removed for ski lifts or roads. These factors all accumulate in the potential danger of landslides, which can also be caused by the fluvioglacial deposition during the summer periods adding to the instability of the land.To deal with landslides, planners ensure that fragile areas are not being used to allow for the regrowth of vegetation. In resorts in the French alps the only means to get there is via train so no extra cars are present. Also codes of conduc ts are enforced to avoid young saplings from being damaged so that the soil in the future will be held together and strengthened by the presence of the roots. However, many of these strategies are there only to lessen the impact of an already present issue. They can not stop landslides from happening as they have little influence over the rate of ablation of the glacier.Rapid retreat of glaciers increases run-off, contributing to the growth of glacial lakes and the conversion of some supraglacial lakes to moraine-dammed lakes. These lakes tend to breach the weak and unstable loose moraine dam, with catastrophic impacts downstream. Strategies for predicting future glacier lake formation are important for an early planning of safety measures, The Ngozumpa Glacier project aims to study the response of glaciers to climate change and to gain data to predict hazards like lake outbursts and slope failures. Glaciers in the Himalayas are some of the most prominent glaciers to undergo shrinka ge due to global warming.In the past years there have been many glacier lake outburst floods with many more unstable lakes currently being monitored such as the Tsho Rolpa in Nepal. These unstable glaciers have engineering projects conducted on them to lower the levels and mitigate the hazards. But, these works are not only expensive but are logistically difficult due to the fragile high altitude environment. However they can be used to develop the potential of hydropower production.Another area with which Hydropower potential has been explored is using hanging valleys. These occur where the main valley has been eroded at a much higher rate than the tributary valleys. After glaciation the latter are left at a higher altitude ‘hanging’ above the main valley. Streams that flow from such tributary valleys fall steeply creating waterfalls. The kinetic energy of the water is turned into electricity. The owners of the power stations must ensure that enough water is in the str eam/river at all times to protect that habitat which can mean that no electricity is produced in the summer. I believe that many of the strategies in place to manage the impacts of glacial process and landforms on human activities are successful as we have better knowledge and technology to deal with them. Yet I do not think that they are utterly effective as they are all very expensive and the majority are to limit the impact rather then to stop it from happening in the first place.

The Dos and Donts of Persuasive Essay Samples Middle School

The Do's and Don'ts of Persuasive Essay Samples Middle School Facts, Fiction and Persuasive Essay Samples Middle School Descriptive Essay on Market can be employed by tourists or visitors that don't have any prior understanding of a marketplace. Numerous alternative logical structures for essays are visualized as diagrams, making them simple to implement or adapt in the building of an argument. To begin with, let's define the kinds of argument available and strategies you could follow. Such approach always pays off because it offers you an exceptional insight into the practice of essay writing that is directed at achieving excellent outcomes. The thesis could relate to a wide variety of different philosophical or political problems. Since the content of narratives essay can vary when it has to do with unique institutions, we've resolved to supply you with examples in the event you face an issue. In some instances, it represents a quarter of your overall grade. Therefore, it' s critical to compose an attractive paper if you want a simple time in school. Stories about traveling have an outstanding potential. If you are able to choose interesting subjects to write about, think about the work half done. The writer ought to be in a position to bring an emotional relationship between the reader and the subject. The narrative is extremely personal, and that means you should underline the importance of the ongoing events for your identity. The story ought to be well-detailed and organized to spell out the entire story and connect different pieces of it. Whether your story is true or a fiction, make certain you relay a collection of events in an emotionally engaging way. What Persuasive Essay Samples Middle School Is - and What it Is Not Wearing school uniforms may also help people gain more self-confidence only because they know they're a component of something bigger. The starting point of each story is true and it's very clear that, as a way to be worthy of being told, it has to be an interesting one. The whole procedure for visiting the office ought to be described. So far as sitting before my laptop the entire time wasn't an option, I began to hunt for some new experiences. Subsequently, essay was defined in various ways. It's possible for you to write a persuasive essay on just about any topic provided you take the suitable strategy. In that case, then you ought to attempt writing narrative essays. Starting your essay with a counterargument is frequently one of the most troublesome techniques to start an essay. The main matter to be cautious about in personal descriptive essay is that there shouldn't be any over-exaggeration. Also find out whether or not there's a particular audience that you're expected to compose the essay for. It's really hard to pick just a single topic whenever there are so many you could write about. When it has to do with narrative essay topics, there are lots of things you should take into consideration. The 30-Second Trick for Persuasive Essay Samples Middle School The most important idea of all of the criticism is to supply an opinion both of positive or negative implication. To the contrary, you might not have been supplied a specific topic in the slightest. If you're saying something, ensure you're making any sense. As it is easy to recognize, it all starts with a suitable argument. As with any other facility, keeping a school open needs a whole lot of money. Cutting fewer trees will earn a huge difference in the surroundings. A significant part a youn gster's life is summertime. For instance the children wont. The One Thing to Do for Persuasive Essay Samples Middle School The very first thing you ought to create a fantastic thesis is you should figure out your most important arguments, which you've done while working on your topic. Ensure you didn't miss any vital points. There are many things worth sharing. Therefore, unless your mentor or professor assigned you a particular subject, the decision of creating a fantastic topic is your choice. The goal of a persuasive essay is to analyze a particular matter when trying to convince readers about a fair idea. Unlike topics for middle school or higher school, very good college topics are somewhat more challenging to discover. Students may order persuasive essay models as a way to receive a better feeling of what it is that they should do, since professional persuasive essays are likely to be missing lots of the errors that amateurish writers are often likely to make themselves. Frequently teachers will tell you exactly what they are searching for in your narrative piece. Using Persuasive Essay Samples Middle School You would like your paper to be noticed, meaning you don't need to choose the simple topic and have your paper reflect precisely the same thing every one's paper does. When you want example written student. Students lead busy lives and frequently forget about an approaching deadline. They are asked to explain, comment on, or assess a topic of study in the f orm of an essay.

Dells Supply Chain Management - 1882 Words

Dell’s Supply Chain Management The term supply chain management (SCM) was initially used in wholesaling and retailing to denote the integration of logistics and physical distribution functions with the goal of reducing delivery lead times. Manufacturers and service providers have used the same term to describe integration and partnership efforts with first- and second- tier suppliers to reduce cost and improve quality and delivery timing. Terms such as integrated purchasing strategy, integrated logistics, supplier integration, value chain management, supply base management, strategic supplier alliances, lean production, Just-In-Time (JIT) logistics, and supply chain synchronization have been used in the literature to†¦show more content†¦The pulse of Dell s execution effort centers on increasing business velocity and eliminating waste. Dell employees are constantly focused on driving down backlogs, promoting best practices, and creating synergies among adjacent proces ses as seen in cross-functional initiatives such as the design-for-manufacturability effort between manufacturing and Ramp;D. This initiative successfully promoted product designs that are easier to assemble. In 1994, Dell was a struggling second-tier PC maker. Like many others, the company ordered its components in advance and manufactured to inventory. Then Dell began to implement a new business model. It converted its operations to a build-to-order process, eliminated its inventories through a just-in-time system, and sold its products directly to consumers. Dell carefully targeted corporate relationship customers that had predictable, budgeted needs and that wanted a pre-determined set of product models. The company also selected individual customers who were high-end, repeat purchasers with a preference for early technology adoption. Both account segments had the stable, predictable purchase patterns that Dell needed to make its joint build-product-to-order/buy-component-to-plan system work. In connection with this, Dell developed a set of new operations capabilities in five crucial areas (2005). First, it created the flawless make-to-order system that has been widelyShow MoreRelatedDells Supply Chain Management2081 Words   |  9 PagesDirect Sales and Build-to-Order Model: Dell’s computers, workstations, and servers are built-to-order and none are produced for inventory purposes which clearly cuts Dell’s cost on inventory. Dell customers could order through their website or even via phone, custom-made servers and workstations based on the needs of their applications. For desktop and laptop, customers are able to order whatever configuration of microprocessor speed, random access memory (RAM), hard-disk capacity, CD-ROM driveRead MoreRelationship Management Strategies in Dells Supply Chain5443 Words   |  22 Pagesusing the multinational corporation Dell, Inc, existing and suggested Relationship Management Strategies applied to both Upstream and Downstream members of a supply chain. It also examines and gives an analysis of, using several diagrams, tables and models, Dell’s product range – and the customers who buy them. This paper also examines several Key Issues associated with maintaining positive relationships with supply chain members, and how they may be worked out, besides providing an in-depth analysisRead MoreIntroduction to Supply Chain Management System: Dell Computer Corporation1451 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction to Supply Chain Management (SCM) System Supply chain management (SCM) is the combination of activities which help a company to improve the methods to make a product or service and deliver it to customers. (Larson, 2004) SCM encompasses the planning and management of all activities involved in sourcing, procurement, conversion, and logistics management activities. More importantly, it includes coordination and collaboration with other people who are associated with the business likeRead MoreHow Does Dell Manage Inventory Within Its Supply Chain? Essay1445 Words   |  6 PagesHow does Dell manage inventory within its supply chain? Supply chain consist of the series of activities that controls the flow of materials and information through operations to the end-user (Greasley 2013). There is also a people element to the supply chain – customers and employees (Elliott 2016). As materials are an integral part of the supply chain, inventory management is part of the supply chain management. Inventory management can be defined as the process of efficiently overseeing the constantRead MoreDell Value Chain1717 Words   |  7 PagesVALUE ADDED CHAIN IN DELL SUBMITTED BY: SIDDHARTHA DAS ROLL NO: 32 BATCH: PGDM (FM) 2010-12 SUBJECT: Project and Infrastructure Management: Financing, Implementation and Control Table of Contents Sl.No. | Description | Page No. | 1 | VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS | 3 | 2 | VALUE CHAIN IN DELL | 4 | 3 | DIRECT SELLING STRATEGY OF DELL | 5 | 4 | COMPONENTS OF DIRECT SELLING STRATEGY | 6 | 5 | ADVANTAGES OF VALUE CHAIN OF DELL | 8 | 5.1 | CONCLUSION | 9 | CHAPTER-1 What is ValueRead MoreDell’s Competitive Advantage:1038 Words   |  5 PagesDell’s Competitive Advantage Dell is officially the No. 1 computer systems company in the world. Dell is able to sustain a competitive advantage over competitors in the computer industry because of an extremely efficient supply chain/distribution system. Dell is able to achieve superior profits in the industry because they are a knowledgeable user of information, communication, e-commerce, e-business, internet, and web technologies. Michael Dell states that Dell is so successful because ofRead MoreFord Motor Case Study1291 Words   |  6 PagesExecutive Summary: Ford wanted to adapt the idea of virtual integration to improve its supply chain. By the use of technology; it wanted to reduce its working capital and increase profits. Moreover, the company was emphasizing more and more on shareholder value and customer responsiveness so they were looking into reengineering some of their processes which can help improve their current forecasting model and reduce OTD cycle times substantially. With new business models prevailing, Ford did notRead Moredell supply chain managment1676 Words   |  7 PagesCourse: Supply Chain Management (SCM) Assignment One – Singular Unit Supply Chain Management Subject HOW DELL IS MANAGING ITS SUPPLY CHAIN Writer Bassam Badran IV Date of delivery 10-10-2012 Due date (submittal) 10-11-2012 Grade 20% References Compiled from several articles in Business Week (1997 through 2001); cio.com (2001); dell.com, accessed March 27, 2003; Hagel (2002). 1. Principals and Reasons In this project you would understand the concept of managing the supply chain in DellRead MoreDell Supply Chain Managment2938 Words   |  12 PagesSupply Chain Management Term Paper On INVENTORY DECISIONS IN DELL’S SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT Submitted to Dr. P.R.S SHARMA Gitam School of International Business Submitted by UKR PRASANTH BABU.K 1226111138 (IB) SECTION-A INVENTORY DECISIONS IN DELL’S SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Dell is the largest computer-systems company based on estimates of global market share. It is also the fastest growing of the major computer-systems companies competing in the businessRead More Ford Motor Company Supply Chain Strategy Essay1397 Words   |  6 PagesFord Motor Company Supply Chain Strategy Background In 1913, Henry Ford revolutionized product manufacturing by introducing the first assembly line to the automotive industry. Ford’s hallmark of achievement proved to be a key competence for the motor company as the low cost of the Model T attracted a broader, new range of prospective car-owners. However, after many decades of success, customers have become harder to find. Due to relatively new threats to the industry, increasing numbers of

Figurative Language In Popular Mechanics By Raymond Carver

In Popular Mechanics by Raymond Carver, a contemptuous couple are driven out of rage to harm their only child. The story’s tone is that of resentment, aggression, and irony, which are constructed by the author’s deliberate choice of a third-person, unnamed narrator. Opening starkly with another nameless character, a male packing his suitcase, his spouse looks on from the other side of the room and continually rants that she’s glad her partner is leaving. Immediately, the reader can sense the physical and emotional distance between the two characters (she is standing by the door while he is standing by the side of the bed). This distance between the characters is important because it sets the mood and tone for later in the story when a†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, Carver uses short, choppy sentence structure throughout the story and specific diction, which help to convey to the finality of the couple’s relationship, and to create a somewhat distant and unsettling mood: â€Å"The kitchen window gave no light† (Carver 3). The curtness of this sentence and suspenseful mood it creates help to enhance his theme of miscommunication. Adding to that terse and disconnected structure, Carver also uses an interesting plot structure: placing the climax abruptly at the end of the story with no falling action. By doing so, he leaves the reader questioning what just happened and thinking it over. His diction throughout this work is an important piece of understanding the theme of the story. When describing the streaks running down the window, he describes it as â€Å"little†, and does so again when describing the â€Å"little† kitchen in which the mother stood. The use of this particular adjective suggests that the house doesn’t fit this couple and child, and likely never would, relating back to the intimation that this relationship isn’t one that will be reconciled. This story’s title also serves an important purpose, and was certainly a deliberate choice on Carver’s part to enhance his theme by use of tone. It alludes to the well-read science magazine ‘Popular Mechanics’, and this creates tone via irony in that, when considering the scientific mechanics ofShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Popular Mechanics By Raymond Carver1099 Words   |  5 PagesIn Popular Mechanics by Raymond Carver a man begins packing his things in a suitcase on a rainy day. His spouse barges into the room and begins to berate him. She moves to the dresser and picks up a picture of their baby and leaves the room. The man follows they begin fighting about who gets the baby. As the women holds tightly to the baby, the man backs her into the kitchen and begins grabbing the child. They both have a tight hold on the child now and are pulling backwards. The story concludes

The Advantages of Having Good Communication Skill Free Essays

Communication is undoubtedly one of the most important skills to hone. Being able to communicate effectively and clearly in your own environment and comfort zone may seem challenging enough, but it increases exponentially in a different culture. Globalization is unavoidable in this day and age, and therefore being able to communicate in the face of cultural diversity is more important than ever. We will write a custom essay sample on The Advantages of Having Good Communication Skill or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are two parts of communication that hold true no matter what culture you are in. Verbal and nonverbal communication exists regardless of the surrounding environment. Last summer I studied abroad in Valence, Spain. Obviously the verbal communication was completely different due to the language barrier, but the most difficult part was understanding and using the appropriate colloquialisms and metaphoric phrases. Informer the bomb† and â€Å"Chill out† when directly translated do not take on the same meaning as they do here. It was interesting learning the different phrases and the locals found it funny when we told them they were explosives or to cool off in a refrigerator as they understood it. The most challenging difference of communication in Spain was the nonverbal specs. To best explain, Americans typically speak at an arms length distance. The Spaniards, however, have a completely different concept of personal space. If you were to hold out your arm and touch the person’s shoulder in front of you that you are speaking to, you would be at an appropriate distance away from he or she in our culture. Now if you both fold your arms at the elbow and take a step closer to where your elbows are touching, you are at an appropriate distance in the Spanish culture. I found that very difficult to get used to. It was as if our noses were touching. Personal space was Just one of many of the nonverbal aspects of communication that was different in this culture but it is by the far the one I remember most. Although there are many topics that can be covered under the umbrella of communication I chose communication in the face of cultural diversity because I have recently had a personal experience with it and hope to have many more in my lifetime. It is critical that I learn and understand how to communicate in different cultures for my future career and I am excited about future opportunities to do so. Conflict Management and Negotiation Recently I have learned the importance of conflict management in a leadership role. I am planning formal for my sorority this year, and have been in the process with my co-chair for over a year. In December 2010 we had a venue and date booked for this Saturday, February 18, 2012. Eleven days before the event, close to one hundred girls signed up after the specified deadline almost doubling the guest count to four hundred people. This has caused my co-chair and me to go into a craze with changing transportation, catering, and venue costs for the additional people. The aroma was originally free as we had been planning and budgeting extremely well for over a year, yet changing the numbers exponentially less than two weeks before the event incurred breach of contract fees, additional staffing fees, additional security fees, additional transportation fees, and additional catering fees per person. Unfortunately after promising our sorority a free formal for the first time in history of formals, we are now having to charge eleven dollars a person or twenty-two dollars a couple due this Thursday by 5:PM. Obviously any manager or individual in a dervish role can imagine the conflicts this additional charge has caused between my co-chair and me and the members of our sorority. We have received very inconsiderate emails and are dealing with explaining to two hundred why a week before the event there is a charge to attend. Through the assigned reading I have realized I am going through an interrupt conflict, or a conflict between groups or teams in an organization. Unfortunately the groups are incredibly unevenly divided, as it is two against two hundred. My co-chair and I have been frantically trying to explain the situation and accommodate everyone o ensure a positive atmosphere surrounding the event without severing the relationships and bonds we have with out sisters. Although some understand the situation and are still appreciative of the hard work that we have put in for over a year, others are still upset and we receive emails everyday with questions and concerns that are not always written as appropriately as we would like. The biggest issue that my co-chair and I have been coping is the idea of losing trust amongst our sisters. Although some understand the situation, the few that do not have made it clear they do not appreciate the last minute details, even though ecological it was not our fault for the situation. We have not placed blame on anyone but unfortunately others have placed blame on us causing a mix between functional and dysfunctional conflicts within the interrupt conflict. We are sure the event will still be pleasant and everyone will enjoy it, but if I have learned anything from this it is that no matter how much time, effort, and organization a person puts into the planning of an event, something will always go wrong and someone will always be dissatisfied. However, it is important to manage the conflict with those that I can and o ensure that I take care of myself and enjoy the event Saturday that I have worked so hard planning for. Customer service is truly an industry that is not the fantasy it is glorified to be and I am thankful to have learned that now. Power Influence Influence is the process of affecting the thoughts, behavior, or feelings of another person. Personally, influence is the determining factor of all decisions I make. The ethical question behind influence, however, is where does it come from and which influence tactic is most appropriate and effective in a given situation. Ideally I hope that all decisions I make come from within. However it is difficult to determine how and what has shaped my basis of beliefs. Do I make my own decisions, or does my faith, family, boss, or group of friends influence my decisions? In addition to where influence comes from, another driving force behind decommissioning is influential tactics. According to the reading, there are four influential tactics used most frequently. These four tactics are consultation, rational persuasion, inspirational appeals, and integration. Tactics are used for impression management, which refers to individuals’ use of influence tactics to control others impressions of them. Determining which influential tactic to implement depends on the target audience and target goal. For example, I am actively involved in Relay For Life on campus as I hold the Marketing Executive Co-chair position benefiting the American Cancer Society. We are always looking for new ways to influence the student body and ourselves to get involved and remain enthusiastic. At each of our meetings and events, we implement the inspirational appeal tactic. We open each meeting with a student’s story of why he or she relays. Often these stories as very heart-wrenching and appeal to everyone s we all have gotten involved due to some effect of a loved one suffering from cancer. Influence is a powerful tool in everyday life and especially in high involvement decisions. It is important to utilize ethics when influencing a person though. Determining which appeal is most appropriate may be difficult but is essential to avoid coercing another’s decision that he or she may not be satisfied with at a later date. Overall, influential basis and tactics can and should be used appropriately to help another individual’s decision process and not abuse power over someone else. How to cite The Advantages of Having Good Communication Skill, Papers

Report for Operational Management of Decision Making Function

Question: Describe about the Report for Operational Management of Decision Making Function. Answer: Given, d1, d2, d3 and d4 are the four decision alternatives and s1, s2, s3 and s4 are the four state of nature. The profit payoff table for it is given below: Decision Alternative S1 S2 S3 S4 D1 14 9 10 5 D2 11 10 8 7 D3 9 10 10 11 D4 8 10 11 13 If the decision maker has no idea about the probabilities of the four states of nature, then using optimistic approach, the decision maker will choose the alternative which will provide maximum payoff for each decision alternative. Thus in this case, for state S1 the decision maker will choose decision alternative D1. For state S2 the decision maker will choose any of the decision alternative D2, D3 or D4. For state S3 the decision maker will choose the decision alternative D4 and For state S4 the decision maker will choose the decision alternative D4. For conservative approach, the decision maker will choose the alternative which will provide minimum payoff for each decision alternative. Thus in this case, for state S1 the decision maker will choose decision alternative D4. For state S2 the decision maker will choose the decision alternative D1. For state S3 the decision maker will choose the decision alternative D2 and for state S4 the decision maker will choose the decision alternative D1. (Kaplan Financial, 2012) For minimax regret approach, the decision maker will try to minimize the maximum regret. The regret is defined as the opportunity loss due to the decision taken. It is calculated by |Vi Vij|, Vij is the value for decision i and state j and Vi is the best alternative for state i Thus the regret table is calculated below Regret S1 S2 S3 S4 D1 0 1 1 8 D2 3 0 3 6 D3 5 0 1 2 D4 6 0 0 0 The decision maker will choose the alternative which will provide minimum regret for each decision alternative. Thus in this case, for state S1 the maximum regret is 6, for state S2 the maximum regret is 1, for state S3 the maximum regret is 3, for state S4 the maximum regret is 8. Thus the decision maker will chose decision alternative D2 to minimize the maximum regret. (Kaplan Financial, 2012) b) I think conservative approach is better as it helps us to analyse the projects by providing the minimum return that the project will garner and help us in estimating if we should go ahead with the project. In other approaches, there is a possibility of expecting a higher return which might not be the case and result in loss. Establishing the most appropriate approach helps the decision maker in choosing the projects and it helps the decision maker to understand whether the return from the projects are over estimated or underestimated and based on the approach he can plan ahead the future decisions regarding the project. Thus it is important to establish the most appropriate approach. c) If the table provides the cost instead of profits then using optimistic approach, the decision maker will choose the alternative which will provide minimum cost for each decision alternative. Thus in this case, for state S1 the decision maker will choose decision alternative D4. For state S2 the decision maker will choose the decision alternative D1. For state S3 the decision maker will choose the decision alternative D2 and For state S4 the decision maker will choose the decision alternative D1. For conservative approach, the decision maker will choose the alternative which will provide maximum cost for each decision alternative. Thus in this case, for state S1 the decision maker will choose decision alternative D1. For state S2 the decision maker will choose any of the the decision alternative D2, D3 or D4. For state S3 the decision maker will choose the decision alternative D4 and for state S4 the decision maker will choose the decision alternative D4. (Kaplan Financial, 2012) For minimax regret approach, the regret table is given below Regret S1 S2 S3 S4 D1 6 0 2 0 D2 3 1 0 2 D3 1 1 2 6 D4 0 1 3 8 The decision maker will choose the alternative which will provide minimum regret for each decision alternative. Thus in this case, for state S1 the maximum regret is 6, for state S2 the maximum regret is 1, for state S3 the maximum regret is 3, for state S4 the maximum regret is 8. Thus the decision maker will chose decision alternative D2 to minimize the maximum regret. The profit pay off table for decision alternatives d1 and d2 is given. The state of nature are s1 and s2. Using graphical approach, the payoff for the two states are plotted. In x axis, the probability is given. For probability = 0, the pay off of state s1 is used and for probability = 1, the the pay off of state s2 is used. (Scgroeder, 2007) The two decision alternatives intersect at a point P. The P can we found by solving the equations y = 10 9* x and y = 4 1* x. Thus solving we get x = 0.75 and y = 3.25 thus for the range of probability 0 to 0.75 for the state s1, the decision alternatives will have highest expected value. Given P(s1) = 0.2 and P(s2) = 0.8. Thus the expected value of the project is given by Expected value = Probability * Value Thus for decision alternative d1, the Expected value = 0.2* 10 + 0.8* 1 = 2.8 Thus for decision alternative d2, the Expected value = 0.2* 4 + 0.8* 3 = 2 Thus using the expected value approach, the decision alternative d1 is better. The solution found in part b will be optimal if the expected value of decision 1 is greater than expected value of decision 2. Let x1 be the value of the payoff of the state 1 and x2 be the value of the payoff of the state 2. Thus for the probability of the state s1 and s2 as 0.2 and 0.8 respectively, the expected value is given by 0.2* x1 +0.8* x2 which must be greater than expected value of decision 2 .i.e. = 2 For x2 = 1, 0.2* x1 + 0.8 * 1 2 X1 6 For X1 = 10, 0.2* 10 + 0.8* x2 2 X2 0 Thus the range of payoff for s1 state is more than 6 and range of payoff for s2 state is more than 0 The probability associated to the payoff of s2 is 0.8 while the probability associated to payoff of s1 is 0.2. Thus the solution is more sensitive to the payoff of s2. The company Myrtle Air express is offering service between Cleveland and Myrtle Beach. The demand of the service and the price of the service are given with options of full price and discount price. The management has to decide what pricing policy they should follow as the demand can be strong and weak. If the management chooses full price then the profits earned during the strong demand will be high but in case of weak demand the company will have loss. While if the management chooses discount price then the profits earned during the weak demand will be lower but in case of weak demand the company will have not have any loss. There are two decision alternatives full prices and discount and two possible outcomes strong demand or weak demand. Using the optimistic approach, the decision maker will choose the alternative which will provide maximum payoff for each decision alternative. The maximum pay off is obtained when the demand is strong and management uses full price. Thus the company will choose full price Using the conservative approach, the decision maker will choose the alternative which will provide minimum payoff for each decision alternative. The minimum pay off is obtained when the demand is weak and management uses discount price. Thus the company will choose discount price. The regret table is given below Regret Strong Weak Full price 0 1180 Discount 0 350 Thus the maximum regret for full price is 1180 and the maximum regret for discount is 350. Thus using Minimax regret approach the company will minimize the maximum regret. Thus company will choose discount price. Given P (strong) = 0.7 and P(weak) = 0.3. Thus the expected value of the project is given by Expected value = Probability * Value Thus for decision alternative full price, the Expected value = 0.7* 960 + 0.3* (- 490) = 336 Thus for decision alternative full price, the Expected value = 0.7* 960 + 0.3* (- 490) = 565 Thus the company should use discount price as the expected value is higher in that case. Given P (strong) = 0.8 and P(weak) = 0.2. Thus the expected value of the project is given by Expected value = Probability * Value Thus for decision alternative full price, the Expected value = 0.8* 960 + 0.2* (- 490) = 454 Thus for decision alternative full price, the Expected value = 0.8* 960 + 0.2* (- 490) = 600 Thus the company should use discount price as the expected value is higher in that case. Using the graphical approach, the payoff for the two decisions variables are plotted. In x axis, the probability is given. For probability = 0, the pay off of strong demand is used and for probability = 1, the the pay off of weak demand is used. (Scgroeder, 2007) The point till which the line full price is above discount is range where Full price has higher expected value and the range where the line full price is below discount is range where Full price has lower expected value. Solving the equation of line y = 960 -1450*x and y = 670 -350*x we get, X = 0.26 Thus in this case for probability between 0 and 0.26, the full price has higher expected value and for probability 0.26 to 1, discount has higher expected value. Given, d1 and d2 are the two decision alternatives and s1, s2, s3 are the three states of nature. The probability of the three states are given as P(s1) = 0.65, P(s2) = 0.15, P(s3) = 0.20 If perfect information is available then the company will choose alternative d1 for state s1, alternative d1 or d2 for state s2 and alternative d2 for state s3 as the return is higher for these alternatives. Thus the expected value is given by Expected value EVwPI = Probability * Value EVwPI = 0.65* 250 + 0.15* 100 + 0.2* 75 = 192.50 If perfect information is not available, then expected value approach, the expected value is given by Expected value = Probability * Value Expected value for d1 = 0.65* 250 + 0.15* 100 + 0.2* 25 = 182.50 Expected value for d1 = 0.65* 100 + 0.15* 100 + 0.2* 75 = 85 Thus Expected value without perfect information is given by EVwoPI = 182.50 The Expected value for perfect information is the additional price the company is willing to pay to achieve the information. It is the difference between the expected value with perfect information and expected value without perfect information. It is given by EVPI = EVwPI EvwoPI = 192.5 182.5 = 10 (Boston University Metropolitan College., (2013)) The expected value of the project is given by Expected value = Probability * Value Thus for decision alternative small, the Expected value = 0.1* 400 + 0.6* (500) + 0.3* 660 = 538 Thus for decision alternative medium, the Expected value = 0.1* (- 250) + 0.6* (650) + 0.3* 800 = 605 Thus for decision alternative large, the Expected value = 0.1* (- 400) + 0.6* (580) + 0.3* 990 = 605 thousand dollars Thus using the expected value approach Lake Placid should choose medium or large size. The risk is given by [ Probability* ( Payoff value - Expected value)] 5 For medium Probability Value (value - Expected)^2 P*(value - Expected)^2 0.1 -250 731025 73102.5 0.6 650 2025 1215 0.3 800 38025 11407.5 Expected 605 Total 85725 Thus risk = 85725^0.5 = 292.78 For large Probability Value (value - Expected)^2 P*(value - Expected)^2 0.1 -400 1010025 101002.5 0.6 580 625 375 0.3 990 148225 44467.5 Expected 605 Total 145845 Thus risk = 145845^ 0.5 = 381.89 Thus the risk in the large centre is higher. Thus the Lake Placid should choose medium size. Expected value with perfect information = 0.1* 400 + 0.6* 650 + 0.3* 990 = 727 Expected value without perfect information = 605 Thus Expected value of perfect information = Expected value with perfect information - Expected value without perfect information = 727 605 = 122 thousand dollars If the probability of worst case increase to 0.2 and the probability of base case decrease to 0.5 then, using the expected value approach Thus for decision alternative small, the Expected value = 0.2* 400 + 0.5* (500) + 0.3* 660 = 528 thousand dollars Thus for decision alternative medium, the Expected value = 0.2* (- 250) + 0.5* (650) + 0.3* 800 = 515 Thus for decision alternative large, the Expected value = 0.2* (- 400) + 0.5* (580) + 0.3* 990 = 507 Thus using the expected value approach Lake Placid should choose small size. If the probability of worst case decreases to 0 and the probability of best case increase to 0.4 then, using the expected value approach Thus for decision alternative small, the Expected value = 0* 400 + 0.5* (500) + 0.4* 660 = 514 thousand dollars Thus for decision alternative medium, the Expected value = 0* (- 250) + 0.5* (650) + 0.4* 800 = 645 Thus for decision alternative large, the Expected value = 0* (- 400) + 0.5* (580) + 0.4* 990 = 686 Thus the expected value of the project increases from 605 thousand dollars to 686 thousand dollars. Thus profit = 686 -605 = 81 thousand dollars whereas investment made is 150 thousand dollars. Thus this will not be an good investment. (Anderson, 2012) References Scgroeder, R. (2007). Operations Management: Decision Making in the Operations Function. Mcgraw Hill. Boston University Metropolitan College. (2013). Expected Value of Perfect Information. Retrieved on August 16, 2016 from https://onlinecampus.bu.edu/bbcswebdav/pid-843933-dt-content-rid-2221759_1/courses/13sprgmetad715_ol/module_03a/metad715_m03l01t05_expected_value_perfect_information.html Kaplan Financial. (2012). Maximax, maximin and minimax regret. Retrieved on August 16, 2016 from https://kfknowledgebank.kaplan.co.uk/KFKB/Wiki%20Pages/Maximax,%20maximin%20and%20minimax%20regret.aspx Anderson, D. (2012). Quantitative Methods for Business. Cengage Learning.

Toni Morrison and the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn free essay sample

I viewed his death as a brush off the shoulder since he didn’t really, in my opinion, play a big role in the hole novel but I do agree that he shaped Huck in some ways from his abuse. In another stance I partially agree when Morrison speaks on how Huck has had a troubling past especially because of his abusive childhood led on by his father. She specifies that Huck won’t let go of past events seeing that his father use to beat him and he’d have to hide away his inconveniences until time passed and never come to resolve them. Huck spent the majority of his time fleeing from his dad, because he was afraid his dad would beat him. After adding on to her interpretation I have to agree with her analysis. It truly wasn’t a great a book to read but helped touch on topics that have gone missing for a while now. We will write a custom essay sample on Toni Morrison and the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Morrison goes on to speak of Hucks growth throughout the story which resembles Mr. Peterson’s treatment of him. Morrison goes on explaining that growth with Huck is inevitable, that there are many specific points in the book where growth can be spotted. This leads me to compare Mr. Peterson’s in depth analysis that the book dies when Huck comes to understand that people can be cruel and unforgiving at moments that shaped him. When growing up you often go alongside what others do, whether its your relatives or friends that have been influencing you indifferent but subtle ways.Toni Morrison’s overall summary of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn are very easy to agree with, because she plainly goes into detail about what she believes. Morrison of course wouldn’t be able to cover every little detail but she spoke upon topics that really stood out like the society, slavery, and spoke about the mood and tone that the book gave her when she read it in different phases of her life.